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China's machinery industry will also usher in a decade of gold With a flick of a finger, the China Federation of Machinery Industry has experienced a decade of hardships. During the past ten years, China Machine Building and China's machinery industry have shared the same destiny and experienced the pulse of the development of the times. Through entrepreneurship, growth, and development, the white paper has been drawn on the scroll and it has also ushered in the history of the development of the machinery industry. Ordinary decade. [In the past ten years, the machinery industry has made brilliant achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. If this is the golden decade for the development of the machinery industry, then the next decade is still a golden period and is an important opportunity for the development of the machinery industry, despite the challenges. But we are confident that we will achieve greater success in the new decade!" On March 22, when receiving an exclusive interview, Wang Ruixiang, president of the China Machinery Industry Federation, was full of self-confidence. The decade has turned into glory. [A decade after entering the new century has been an extraordinary decade in the development of China's machinery industry." Wang Ruixiang recalled that its characteristics can be summarized as follows: the policy environment is getting better and better, and the industry development performance Significantly, the scientific development has taken new steps, the industrial structure has been optimized and improved, the quality of science and technology has achieved fruitful results, and the international status has significantly improved. In the ten years, the number of enterprises above the scale of the machinery industry increased from 34,000 to 107,000, and the number of employees was nearly 17 million; the scale of assets increased from 2 trillion yuan to 10 trillion yuan; the total output value of the machinery industry from 1.44 trillion yuan in 2000 Increased to 14.38 trillion yuan in 2010, an average annual growth rate of more than 25%; during eight consecutive years of production and sales growth of more than 1 trillion yuan; despite the severe impact of the financial crisis, but the industry in 2009 both exceeded 10 trillion yuan production and sales In 2010, we stepped up to a new level of 3 trillion yuan annually, with production and sales exceeding 14 trillion yuan. In the past decade, a large number of products in the machinery industry have leapt to the top of the world. Wang Ruixiang enumerated for reporters that the annual output of power generation equipment exceeded 100 million kilowatts for 5 years in a row, accounting for 50% of the world's total output. The output in 2010 exceeded 120 million kilowatts, which is nearly 10 times that in 2000; the automotive industry realized In a leap-forward development, from 2.07 million vehicles in 2000 to breaking the 10 million mark for the first time in 2009, the company ranked first in the world in terms of production and sales of more than 13 million units. In 2010, it produced and sold 18.26 million and 18.06 million vehicles, respectively. It was 9 times that of 2000; large and medium-sized tractors increased from 41,000 in 2000 to 380,000 in 2010, an increase of more than 9 times in ten years. In addition, the output of many major products such as motorcycles, internal combustion engines, loaders, truck cranes, and bearings is also among the best in the world. It can be said that this decade is a decade in which the machinery industry has completed its capacity of quantitative change and accumulation in the process of revitalizing development. It is also a decade that will lay a solid foundation for the next step in achieving qualitative change and completing the transition from big to strong. The dramatic changes in the past decade have also condensed the efforts and sweat of the China Machines Association. In the drafting of the relevant national laws and regulations, the State Council`s opinions on accelerating the revitalization of the equipment manufacturing industry, the [Eleventh Five-Year Plan" mechanical industrial planning and industrial policy, and other important documents, there are industry claims reflected by China Machine Design; a large number of economic and industrial Among the professional research topics for development, there are the wisdom of the industry gathered by China Machine Group; among the national key projects such as the Three Gorges Project, the West-East Gas Transmission Project, and the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which are related to the national economy and the people's livelihood, there is the hard work of the China Opportunities Organization; Among the large number of landmark achievements made in the autonomy of major technological equipment that has attracted worldwide attention, there are also the hardships paid by China Machines Association and the vast number of companies and service platforms for production, research, and research... Since the establishment of the Federation, ten years ago, it has always insisted on revitalization as its mission and service as its purpose. It has fully fulfilled its responsibilities, fully played its role as a bridge link, focused on improving industry management support capabilities, and actively promoted the implementation of major national science and technology plans and technological progress in the industry. It has made important contributions to upgrading the level of China's major technological equipment, enhancing the international competitiveness of mechanical products, and promoting the steady and rapid economic development. Jia Qinglin, member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee and chairman of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, said in a congratulatory letter to the 10th anniversary of the establishment of the China National Aircraft Association. Big but not strong weaknesses to be removed from the "brilliant achievements to be treated with customers, but the problems and deficiencies can not be avoided." Interview, Wang Ruixiang repeatedly stressed. In his view, the "12th Five-Year Plan" period is an important period of strategic opportunities for China's machinery industry, but the internal and external environment it faces is also becoming more complex and severe. Moreover, we are far from a mechanical power. We are still big but not strong. Major contradictions and weak links. He explained that first, the capacity for independent innovation is still insufficient, advanced technologies rely on foreign countries, and the passive situation in which high-end equipment relies on imports has not been effectively improved; second, basic development has lagged behind, basic parts and components, high-quality special materials, automatic control systems, and test instruments. , CNC machine tools and basic manufacturing equipment obviously lag behind the development of the mainframe, and have become the three major bottlenecks affecting the upgrading of mechanical products to high-end; Third, modern manufacturing has not yet formed scale, the proportion of traditional processing and manufacturing is too large; Fourth, the mode of industrial growth is more extensive. It goes without saying that if the industry`s own weaknesses cannot be cured as quickly as possible, the machinery industry will be stagnated, and the advancement of the industry into innovation-driven, endogenous growth tracks will also be on paper. Then, in the face of new situations and challenges, how will the machinery industry seize the opportunity to overcome difficulties? "The key depends on the overall quality of the machinery industry front and the ability to control the situation." Wang Ruixiang believes that the industry must grasp four major issues. First of all, nurturing and developing high-end equipment manufacturing industry is the only way to make the machinery industry bigger and stronger. Its goal is to eventually realize the independence of core technologies, localization of high-end products, and high value-added export products through industrial upgrading. [Our equipment self-sufficiency rate is 85%, but it is often the 15% that determines our fate and makes us subject to people." He stressed that we must take it as a priority, strengthen the research and development of core key technologies, break through the weak links in key areas, and create the necessary conditions for the sustainable development of the machinery industry. Secondly, improving the quality and efficiency of industrial development is an inherent requirement for changing the mode of economic development. The total size of China's machinery industry is not small, but the mode of economic growth is extensive, the level of industrial profits is very low, coupled with multiple pressures such as reduced external demand, rising costs, relative shortage of energy supply, and increased environmental pollution, the industry`s original comparative advantages and Just one step away from the comparative disadvantage, the security situation in the machinery industry is not optimistic. Secondly, strengthening industrial common technology research is a strong guarantee for improving the innovation capability of the machinery industry. At present, China's common technology research is lagging behind, and it lacks supply systems and mechanisms, which form a bottleneck for industrial innovation and development. To this end, it is necessary to strengthen the nationwide system, strengthen organization and coordination at the national level, and build technology alliances. Finally, the establishment of a modern industrial system is the ultimate destination for a new type of industrialization. It is also an inevitable choice for the machinery industry to change the mode of economic growth. Collaborative Operation and Collusion "12th Five-Year Plan" The "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" is the five-year history of China's machinery industry achieving a historic leap. According to the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan for the Development of Machinery Industry," the industry will strive to improve the quality and efficiency of development and accelerate the realization of equipment in accordance with the overall requirements of "mainly high-end, innovation-driven, solid foundation, integration, and green". The strategic goal of industry from big to strong. [We must firmly grasp the important period of strategic opportunities for great accomplishments. To this end, China Machine Link will take promoting the sound and rapid development of the machinery industry as the top priority, continue to play a supporting role in the management of the industry, and give play to the advantages of resources to make the machinery bigger and stronger. Industry provides basic guarantees, etc." Wang Ruixiang explained in detail to reporters: We must continue to strengthen the construction of the scientific and technological work system, further improve the independent innovation capability of the machinery industry, focus on the new characteristics of industrial development, and constantly deepen the standardization work; adhere to the concept of [quality and development" and comprehensively improve the overall quality of the machinery industry; Relying on the specialization of major technical equipment, we will actively promote the development of high-end equipment manufacturing. [The specialization of major technical equipment for localization is a landmark project for the industry's service work. It is also an important support for the development of high-end equipment industry and comprehensive improvement of the industry level." He said that in addition to participating in the development of a special plan and pre Prepare work, organize and coordinate the research and development of core technologies and key equipment, as well as further complete the appraisal and acceptance of major technical equipment for the first (set) product, and also coordinate the establishment of a research and development team that integrates manufacturing, research, and production, mainly manufacturing enterprises. And to promote the implementation of the use of domestic first (sets) of equipment to solve the production capacity surplus and the lack of coexistence of shortages of core components, etc., timely proposed macro-control policy recommendations. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen technical training, expand the ranks of high-skilled talents in the industry, set up work platforms, and promote innovation in corporate management. [We are now among the largest countries in the machinery industry. This is the dream of several generations of robots. We should be proud of it. After years of hard work to truly become a manufacturing powerhouse, we will review the past and can do something for the development of the machinery industry. You can also talk about masturbation, after all, we also participated." Wang Ruixiang said with a smile.

What are Tokyo Gold, Singapore Gold, Hong Kong Gold, US Gold, and London Gold? Tokyo Gold The Tokyo Gold Market was established in 1982 and is the only gold futures market officially approved by the Japanese government. Most of the members are Japanese companies. The gold market is priced at kr. per gram, the standard gold is 99.99%, the weight is 1 kilogram, and the contract for each transaction is 1000 grams. Singapore Gold Singapore Gold was established in November 1978. It currently operates 5 spot futures contracts with gold spot and 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 months. The standard gold is 100 ounces of 99.99% pure gold with a stop limit. Hong Kong Gold The Hong Kong gold market has a history of more than 90 years. Its formation is marked by the establishment of the Hong Kong gold and silver trading market. In 1974, the Hong Kong government withdrew its control over the import and export of gold. Since then, the Hong Kong gold market has developed extremely fast. As the Hong Kong gold market just fills the gap between New York and Chicago, and the market before the opening of London, it can cohere Asia, Europe and the United States to form a complete world gold market. Its superior geographical conditions have attracted the attention of European gold merchants. The top five gold merchants in London and the three major banks in Switzerland have come to Hong Kong to set up branches. They brought the gold trading activities in London to Hong Kong and gradually formed an invisible local London gold market, making Hong Kong one of the world's major gold markets. Currently, the Hong Kong gold market consists of three markets: 1. Hong Kong gold and silver trade market, with Chinese capital merchants predominating, there are fixed trading places, the main trading gold specification is 99 standard gold bars, the trading method is open outcry, spot trading 2, London gold market, with foreign capitalists as the main body, there is no fixed trading place 3. The gold futures market is a formal market with the same nature as the gold futures of the US and New York and Chicago commodity futures exchanges. The trading method is formal and the system is relatively sound, which can make up for the shortage of the gold and silver trading market. American Gold The gold market in New York and Chicago was developed in the mid-1970s. The main reason was that after 1977, the US dollar depreciated. Americans (mainly based on corporate bodies) profited from hedging and investment appreciation, making gold futures rapid. Developed. The New York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (IMM) are currently the world's largest gold futures trading centers. The two exchanges have a great influence on the gold price of the gold spot market. Take the New York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX) as an example. The exchange itself does not participate in the trading of futures. It only provides a place and facilities, and has some regulations to ensure that the parties to the transaction conduct transactions on a fair and reasonable basis. The Institute has extremely detailed and complex descriptions of the weight, color, shape, price fluctuations, trading dates, trading hours, etc. of gold for spot and futures trading. London Gold The London gold market has a long history and its history can be traced back more than 300 years. In 1804, London replaced Amsterdam, the Netherlands, as the center of the world's gold trading. In 1919, the London gold market was formally established, with two gold pricing in the morning and afternoon. The gold market price of the day was set by the five major gold banks, which has been affecting transactions in New York and Hong Kong. The market gold supplier is mainly South Africa. Before 1982, the London gold market mainly operated gold spot trading. In April 1982, the London futures gold market opened. Currently, London is still the largest gold market in the world. One of the characteristics of the London gold market is that the trading system is special, because there is no actual trading venue in London, and the transaction is done through the invisible way - the sales network of the major gold merchants. The trading members are composed of the most authoritative five gold merchants and some companies or stores that are considered to be eligible to purchase gold from the top five gold merchants, and then consist of chains of various processing manufacturers, small and medium-sized stores and companies. At the time of the transaction, the gold merchants quoted the bid and offer prices based on their respective purchases and sales. Another feature of the London gold market trading is its flexibility. The purity and weight of gold can be selected. If the customer requests to sell in a remote area, the gold merchant will also report the freight and premium, etc., and can also quote the futures price according to the customer's request. The most popular way to buy and sell London gold is that customers can buy gold spot without cash settlement, and they only need to pay interest at the agreed interest rate, but customers can't get physical gold at this time. This kind of gold trading method is only to carry out digital games on the accounting books until the customer performs the opposite operation to close the position. There are also a number of deficiencies in the special trading system of the London gold market. First of all: Since the prices of various gold business newspapers are all real prices, sometimes the price of gold in the market is rather chaotic. Even the gold merchants do not know which price is reasonable. They have to stop the quotation and the sale of London gold will stop. The second is Customers in the London market are absolutely confidential and therefore lack a valid gold trading position statistics.

Demystifying hard gold in gold jewelry The best friend of a woman is jewellery. I believe that when you are visiting a jewelry store, the shopping guides of the store will definitely give you the most recommended gold jewelry. In the jewelry store, you have seen the golden jewellery that comes with life. It is 3D hard gold. There are many kinds of gold in the market, gold, platinum, color gold, K gold; then, what is hard gold? What is the hard gold in gold jewelry?

Activating Technology and Leading Industry Innovation - Activated Products Launch Activation Technology has recently released a brand new Activated product, which has immediately attracted widespread attention and discussion in the industry due to its unique innovative design and outstanding performance. The emergence of Activated products marks another major breakthrough in technology research and product innovation for activated technology. The Activated product adopts the latest technological achievements and combines cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data, and cloud computing, providing a new solution for the industry. It has efficient computing power and precise data processing capabilities, which can help enterprises achieve intelligent decision-making and improve operational efficiency. Industry experts say that the launch of Activated products will lead industry innovation and drive the entire industry towards more efficient and intelligent development. At the same time, Activated products will also bring greater commercial value to enterprises, helping them stand out in fierce market competition.

No accumulation and loating gold electrowinning equipment was developed by Changchun Gold Research Institute Co., Ltd. in 1998 and entered the market. It has been used in more than 800 enterprises at home and abroad. This series of equipment is oriented to the gold-loaded carbon in the gold cyanide carbon slurry process for gold desorption and electrolysis, and the gold adsorbed on the gold-loaded carbon is produced in the form of high-grade gold mud. After decades of practical application and continuous optimization and improvement in enterprises, this series of equipment has developed to the fifth generation. Compared with similar products at home and abroad, this series of equipment has significant technical advantages, which are mainly reflected in: 1. High gold desorption rate: the carbon-poor gold grade after desorption is less than or equal to 50g/t (the same industry products are generally less than or equal to 100g/t). 2. High primary electrolysis rate: the average electrolysis rate of desorption solution is ≥90%. (The products in the same industry are generally around 70%). 3. Accurate gold balance: the actual amount of gold obtained after desorption and electrolysis is consistent with the theoretical gold content in the gold-loaded carbon. (Products in the same industry generally have the phenomenon of "floating gold or accumulative funds", which causes the loss of gold in the processing process and makes the amount of gold unbalanced) 4. Efficient and easy to operate: The whole set of equipment adopts integrated design, signal acquisition, operation adjustment control and safety protection are automated to ensure high efficiency, easy operation, safety and reliability during the entire operation period. 5. Low operating cost: The equipment is made of real materials of special materials (mainly including high-quality insulation materials, all-tetrafluoroethylene insulation materials, fully imported aerospace-grade circulating pumps, high-resistance electric shock heating pipes, etc.). The power-consuming equipment adopts frequency conversion design to ensure the low cost of operation and maintenance while ensuring the desorption electrolysis index. This series of equipment has 3 patented technologies and 5 proprietary technologies. Sodium cyanide is not used in the desorption liquid, which reduces the lean carbon grade below 100g/t. The key technology of this equipment is to ensure the balance of metal content, avoid the phenomenon of equipment "accumulation" and "floating gold", and ensure the stable and stable technical indicators of the equipment. The cost is low, and the content of technological advancement has been broadcast on the Spark Science and Technology column of CCTV in 2000. The technology passed the technical appraisal in 2003 and won the second prize of Science and Technology of the China Gold Association. The overall technical level is domestically leading. In 2006, it was designated as an energy-saving technology for gold production by the National Development and Reform Commission. In 2007, it was designated as an industry standard equipment by the National Development and Reform Commission. The equipment has obtained 3 Chinese patents, the patent numbers are: 01241537.5 01241538.5 200620029209.1 Main operating parameters: Desorption electrolysis temperature: 140℃-150℃ Desorption electrolysis pressure: 0.4-0.5MPa Electrolysis voltage: 2.5~3.5V Processing time per batch: 16~24h Main series equipment: Equipment model JHP-300 JHP-500 JHP-1000 JHP-2000 JHP-3000 JHP-5000 JHP-20000 Processing capacity(kg/batch) 350 550 1000 2000 3000 5000 20000 The series of equipment can be non-standard configurated according to user demand Gold elution desorption electrolytic machine Product Description Related Products Our advantage Packaging & Shipping Founded in 1958, Changchun Gold Research Institute Co., Ltd. is the only national-level scientific research institution specializing in the research and development of basic theories of gold industry and gold engineering technology in China. It has an authoritative position in China's gold industry.Since its establishment, Changchun Gold Research Institute Co., Ltd. has completed 2,335 commissions for domestic and foreign companies, and achieved 530 technical achievements, including 145 national and foreign national level achievement awards, and 476 patented technologies, including 69 invention patents. The number of patents ranks first in China's gold industry, and the scope of patent coverage includes China, Australia, the United States and other countries and regions; presided over or participated in the formulation of 95 China`s gold industry standards, and the number of completed and implemented standards accounted for more than 90% of China's gold industry standards . In addition, Changchun Gold Research Institute Co., Ltd. also provides strong technical support for the construction and technological transformation of more than 1,000 gold mines at domestic and foreign. The technical research field covers the entire process of gold industrial production. The self-developed equipment includes: equipment of cyanide-free desorption of gold-loaded carbon at moderate temperature and electrowinning at same temperature, normal temperature cyanide-free desorption of gold-loaded carbon and electrowinning equipment, electrically heated activated carbon regeneration equipment, and placer gravity separation equipment (including water jacket gold selection machine, placer gold washing machine, mixing tank, gold jig), mineral processing, smelting, environmental protection technology engineering equipment, environmental protection gold leaching agent. Over the years, the Institute has solved technical problems for more than 1,000 domestic and foreign companies and institutions, and achieved a number of leading scientific and technological achievements at home and abroad, and solved the technical bottleneck restricting the development of the gold industry. Business covers China, Australia, the United States, Canada, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Mongolia, North Korea, Ghana, Mozambique, Kenya, Tanzania, Peru, Colombia, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam and other dozens of countries or regions FAQ Q A 1.What`s the location of your factory Changchun, China 2.Where is your nearest sea port Dalian Port 3.MOQ One set 4.How about your packaging Nude packaging, wooden box packaging or container packaging 5.Is it possible to visit your factory Yes, welcome to visit our company 6. What is the lead time Shipped in 30 days after payment

K gold, white gold, rose gold "AU" is a symbol used internationally to indicate the purity of gold (ie, gold content). K gold (or gold) is an alloy of gold and other metals. K gold jewelry is characterized by low gold content, low cost, and can be made into various colors, and is not easily deformed and worn. K gold is divided into 24K gold, 22K gold, 18K gold, 9K gold, etc. according to the amount of gold. The most common "18K gold" in China's market, its gold content is 18 × 4.1666 = 75%, the mark on the jewelry should be "18K" or "750". Introduction K Jin's "K" is the preparation of the term "Karat". The complete notation is this: Karatgold (K gold), K gold is measured by: pure gold is 24K (ie 100% gold), 1K The gold content is about 4.166%. The method of calculating the gold content with "K" is based on a carob tree on the Mediterranean coast. The carob tree has a light red flower, and the pods are about 15 cm long. The beans are brown and can be made into glue. No matter where the tree grows, the size of the beans is exactly the same, so in ancient times, people used it as a standard for measuring weight. Over time, it becomes a unit of weight for measuring precious, subtle items. At that time, the measurement of diamonds and gold also used this unit, which is [Karat". It was not until 1914 that "Karat" was stipulated as a standard internationally. Everyone understands the meaning and calculation method of K gold, so it is not difficult to know how many kinds of K gold, according to international standards, K gold is divided into 24 kinds, that is, IK to 24K. However, as the type of K gold used for jewelry, this is not the case, and the jewelry materials used in countries around the world are not less than 8K. In this way, there are actually 17 types of K gold that are actually counted as jewelry. Of the 17 K gold materials, 18K and 14K are the most used, and they are the main jewellery materials in the jewellery industry in various countries. In order to enrich the expressive power of various K gold, foreign countries adjust the ratio of other alloys to the same ratio, and synthesize K gold with different colors. According to the famous Japanese jewelry magazine "Gemstone Four Seasons", there are 450 kinds of gold in 2013, and the most commonly used are 20 kinds. For example, there are 6 kinds in 14K: red, red yellow, deep yellow, light yellow, dark yellow. , greenish yellow; there are 5 kinds in 18K: red, reddish, yellow, light yellow, dark yellow. Characteristics One of the characteristics of gold is its softness, so it is difficult to inlay a variety of exquisite styles, especially when it is inlaid with pearls, precious stones and jadeites. Therefore, people add a small amount of silver, copper, zinc and other metals to the gold to increase the strength and toughness of gold. The gold ornaments made in this way are also called K gold. K gold can be made into various colors according to needs. There are various colors of K gold jewelry popular in the world. Everyone has yellow and white. When gold is mixed with 25% palladium or nickel, it will become white, and the main component that makes up it is gold. This is called white gold. As far as the level of technology is concerned, it is not possible to extract pure gold materials with a purity of 100%. Therefore, the gold standard K indicating the pure gold content in gold products is generally referred to as pure gold as 24K gold, but it is theoretically only 100% gold, which does not exist. Therefore, in the national standard, the gold content of the merchant's gold jewelry should not use the "24K gold" non-standard standard method. Since the pure gold is 24K, that is, the theoretical gold content is 100%, 1K means that the gold product contains 1/24 of pure gold, about 4.16%. 18K gold represents 18/24 gold, which is 75% pure gold, and the rest are other materials such as silver or copper. As the saying goes, "Gold is not full of red, no one is perfect", and other gold ornaments contain other metals. For the quality of gold products, the national standard has a very clear regulation, that is, each piece of gold jewelry sold by the merchant must be listed to indicate its gold content and weight. The weight of gold jewelry is always subject to the national legal unit of measurement. The gold content should use [K gold" (excluding 24K gold), [foot gold" (with gold content not less than 99%), [thousands of gold" (including gold content not less than 99.9%), and [1000 foot pure gold" or [ Pure gold" and the standard method of "24K gold" which does not exist in practice. standard The gold content of each opening is (the national standard in brackets): 8k=8*4.166%=33.328%(333‰) 9k=9*4.166%=37.494%(375‰) 10k=10*4.166%=41.660%(417‰) 12k=12*4.166%=49.992%(500‰) 14k=14*4.166%=58.324%(583‰) 18k=18*4.166%=74.998%(750‰) 20k=20*4.166%=83.320%(833‰) 21k=21*4.166%=87.486%(875‰) 22k=22*4.166%=91.652%(916‰) 24k=24*4.166%=99.984%(999‰) note 24k gold is often considered to be pure gold, which is "100%", but the actual gold content is 99.99%, which is 23.988k. What does 18k gold mean? 18K" (or G750) jewelry refers to a pure gold content of 18/24, which is 75% of gold plus 25% of other metal alloys (such as silver, palladium, zinc, nickel, etc.) Jewelry. 18K gold jewelry not only has the precious value of gold, but also has the advantages of strong ductility, high hardness and variable color due to its perfect composition ratio. It can be used in jewelry design to make full play of complex and beautiful creative performance. What does 18k white gold mean? White K gold is impure gold. It is a white alloy made of gold and palladium or nickel, silver, copper, zinc and other metals. Its main component is still gold. Because white gold is white, it is the white metal that is most easily confused with platinum, but it is a completely different metal than platinum. The price of white gold is lower than that of platinum and gold, and it has been widely used in jewelry making. The materials are all pure 18K gold. Only platinum can be called platinum. So 18K Platinum is a wrong concept. Strictly speaking, it should be called 18K white gold. 18K white gold is a blend of 75% gold and 25% other metals. What does 18k rose gold mean? The composition of rose gold is: pure gold + copper + silver / zinc. Because of its moderate synthetic ratio, it has the characteristics of strong ductility, high hardness, and variable color. At the same time, it blends 25% of other metals. It has high hardness and is not easy to be deformed or scratched. It can be used in delicate and delicate gold decoration design. Bring intricate and beautiful design ideas. According to reports, K gold is extremely plastic, and the gold wire pulled out by modern technology is thinner than the human hair. Usually, rose gold is made up of 75% 18K gold and other alloys (commonly known as tri-color gold). The hardness is higher than that of pure gold. Compared with traditional gold and platinum, the pink rose gold not only makes the color of colored stones more intense, but also reflects the exquisite and delicate metal materials. It is also in a variety of styles, with a heart shape, a marquise shape, an oval shape, a pear shape, and an emerald shape. What does 18k gold mean? 18k gold refers to jewelry containing 75% gold, and the remaining 25% is other precious metals, engraved with 18K or 750 marks. . [K Gold" is the natural color of K gold itself, showing a yellow color; [K Platinum" is a white alloy of gold added with palladium or nickel, showing white; if copper is added, it is rose gold. The gold content of 1K is 4.1667%, and 18K is 18×4.1667%=75%, that is, the [18K gold" jewelry gold content is 75%. "18K Platinum" has a gold content of 75% and a palladium or nickel content of 25%. What does 18K color gold mean? 18K gold is a kind of 18K color gold, also an alloy, containing 75% gold, and 25% other metals. Due to the different ratios of different metal components, the color of the K gold jewelry in the gold series changes, and different colors such as purple red, red, pink, orange, green, blue, brown and black can be exhibited.

Recover gold from gold industry gold scrap First, electronic industrial waste containing gold (1) New waste New waste generated when manufacturing electronic components and equipment is divided into waste components, boards, burrs, dust, punching chips and cuttings. In addition, due to the manufacturing process, additional precious metal-containing scraps, such as electroplating solutions, filter media, resin pastes and rags, are not real electronic wastes, which are also recovered in precious metal refineries. (2) Old waste Old waste is mainly from waste products, but also from the repair, quality upgrade and refurbishment of electronic components, electronic computers and communication equipment. Includes boards, connectors, wires and a different number of additional base metals and plastics. (3) The content of precious metals The precious metal content of electronic waste depends mainly on the source of the material and its original use and date of manufacture. From the 1960s to 1973, the production of circuit boards required gold content of 0.1% to 0.3%. Since 1973, the gold content has decreased. The current production of circuit boards requires gold content of 0.01% to 0.05%, usually 1 g of gold in circuit board waste. It will contain 2 to 3 g of silver , and a small amount of palladium (5 g of palladium per 100 g of gold) will appear. Second, the processing of gold-containing waste The processing of gold-containing scrap is as follows. (1) Grinding - physical separation Grinding is preparation for hydrometallurgy or pyrometallurgy. By magnetic screening, the magnetic portion is usually removed and the non-magnetic portion contains considerable gold and silver. The precious metal in the magnetic part will be lost. (2) Calcination and smelting Electronic waste calcination volatile components removed after melting soot, the noble metal ingots into the copper group, which may be a lot of processing all types of waste, the recovery rate is very high, this method outputs copper ingots, then standard electrolytic recovery of copper refining process Finally, the precious metal is recovered from the copper anode mud, and the process from calcination to recovery is mature, but the disadvantage of the method is that the investment required for the process equipment, especially the pollution control equipment is large. 1. Calcination The precious metal scrap is calcined in a micro-oxidizing atmosphere at a low temperature of about 475 ° C. The soot and flue gas from the burner are burned at 920 ° C in a subsequent combustion chamber with 100% excess air to ensure complete oxidation of all volatiles. The air discharged from the rear combustion chamber is cooled, and the smoke is collected in the dust collector. Typical electronic waste loses about 30% of its weight when burned. Pay attention to the agitation during the burning process to avoid extinguishing the fire. After burning, remove iron and aluminum from the dust and recycle. 2, smelting Out of the dust calciner and soda, borax together in a rotary kiln or a reverberatory furnace smelting. A flux such as quartz fluorite or saltpeter is added according to the composition of the soot. The purpose of the flux is to dissolve non-metallic components of the soot in a high temperature chemical reaction to form slag and carry away unwanted elements. At the time of melting, the atmosphere of the furnace is kept neutral (a micro-oxidizing atmosphere if iron is present). After the smelting was completed, the temperature of the furnace was about 1149 ° C, and the charge was discharged. The metal and slag are sampled by water quenching during slagging. According to the analysis results, it is determined whether the slag is remelted or discarded. The copper base is prepared for copper refining, and the flue gas cooling of the furnace is returned to the smelting by the collected soot. 3, refining The ingots from the converter are not suitable for the anode plate for copper refining. Refined by fire, improve the grade of the ingot, and also incorporate copper ingots and other electronic waste before casting the anode plate. During the electrolytic refining of copper, the precious metal enters the anode mud, and the anode mud from the electrolytic cell is first leached to remove the base metal, and then the alloy is produced by smelting. The main component of the alloy is silver, and the silver is recovered by the traditional electrolytic silver method, that is, the nitrate-nitric acid is used. Copper-nitric acid dielectric. Recovering gold and platinum group elements from the silver anode slime electrolytic cell. Three and five batches of electronic waste processing examples The first batch of samples were filled boards, broken integrated circuits, cyanide dissolved metal materials and other electronic waste. The results are shown in Table 1. Table 1 Overview of various electronic wastes Numbering Ingot weight / kg Ingot containing gold /% Ingot containing silver /% Slag weight / kg Slag analysis gold / (g · t - 1 ) Slag analysis silver (g·t - 1 ) 1 2 3A 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 total 593 178 Only slag 757 287 298 106 361 223 364 290 396 354 4207 0.143 0.213 0.208 0.286 0.229 0.212 0.205 0.307 0.224 1.899 0.514 0.524 0.414 16.3 1.34 0.55 0.32 0.38 0.48 1.26 0.83 1.41 1.01 4.41 1.28 2.76 1.34 53.0 415 443 404 402 225 115 427 355 382 370 412 485 Ingot only 4435 0 18.7 2.5 6.8 5.0 0 2.5 5.0 1.9 0 Not analyzed 18.0 4.0 54.1 31.1 21.1 84.1 23.6 40.4 25.5 39.8 60.3 42.3 Not analyzed 127.5 47.9 Average grade Total weight / kg Copper grade (estimated) is 75%. The precious metal lost in the slag; gold 0.12%, silver 0.45%. Precious metals lost in soot: 0.08% gold and 0.41% silver. The treated material weighed 12008 kg. The second batch of similar results is shown in Table 2. It is an overview of dealing with low-value mixed electronic waste. The composition of this batch is about 50% low-value telephone circuit board with gold-plated contactor removed, 20% of the current waste circuit board, 20% stripped circuit board, 4% of current integrated circuit board, 6% other Electronic waste. Table 2 Overview of processing low-value mixed electronic waste Treatment material weight 1159kg Ingot weight 3020kg Gold grade of ingot 0.188% Gold content 5.7kg Silver grade of ingot 0.42% Silver content 12.8kg The third batch of samples contained a large amount of calculator waste, which included computers from 1970 to 1985 with a recovery rate of 95%. Typical recovery rates recovered from electronic computers are shown in Table 3. Table 3 Typical recovery rate from processing 45360kg computer host Recycling materials from the 45360kg calculator mainframe Gold/% Au/g No. 60000 steel 13000 damage, transformer, motor 3000 aluminum No. 3000 insulated copper wire No. 500 copper or brass block No. 500 Reused electrical machinery parts 10000 waste 10000 Electronic Waste No. 6500 ash (plus 2000 flux) 2300 brass ingot No. 5400 slag No. 150 bag dust 0 1.5 0 0 0 0 0.5 98.0 97.70 0.19 0.11 0 93.3 0 0 0 0 31.1 6096 6077 11.8 6.8 The fourth and fifth batches were recovered by hydrometallurgical methods. Chemical leaching, especially the cyanide dissolution of circuit boards and iron, nickel -based products and components, can achieve good recovery. For example, the gold content of the processed circuit board is 0.08% to 0.50%, and the result of dissolving the four batches of scrap is 0.006%, 0.013%, 0.019%, 0.011%, and the average is 0.012% gold, and the recovery rate of gold is 90% to 95%. . Plus valuable metals can be recycled, so it is valuable. However, waste liquid is not easy to sell and handle. Moreover, flue gas scrubbers and wastewater treatment have involved actual investment, and most of their investment is repaid by amortization, so the plan should be compared. IV. Example of recovering gold from gold-containing scrapped radio diodes Plastic diodes use a small piece of gold when soldering, about 1g per 100. However, due to the generally low yield of diodes, these gold-containing diodes have also become waste. Many factories have accumulated a lot of time and are useless. It is now recycled in a very simple way. The steps are as follows: (A) to plastic seal: the diode is placed in a common iron pot, then add concentrated sulfuric acid until the diode is fully immersed, heat the iron pot, stir while heating, and all the plastic seals will be carbonized off. (2) Washing: Take the tube and rinse it in distilled water until it is black. (C) copper nitrate to: Wash the stylet placed in a beaker, added at a concentration of 30% to 40% nitric acid, so that both ends of the stylet wire and solder copper is dissolved, the remaining silicon containing gold. (4) Dissolution of aqua regia: Add aqua regia to the gold-containing silicon wafer, heat to boiling, and maintain for half an hour, while stirring while heating, to prevent localized overheated beaker from rupturing. At this point the gold dissolves in the aqua regia and the silicon remains in the bottom of the cup. (5) Precipitating gold, adding an excess of ferrous sulfate to the above solution, heating to 70-75 ° C, maintaining 0.5 h, at this time there is reddish brown powdery gold. (6) Washing and removing impurities: The upper layer waste liquid is removed by a pouring method, and the gold powder is repeatedly washed with distilled water until no sulfate (SO 4 2 - ) is formed (dropped with a BaCl 2 solution until no white precipitate is formed). (7) Smelting into a block: The gold powder is poured into a quartz crucible and smelted into a molten state at 1200 ° C to pour out, which is a gold nugget. The electronic waste is first dismantled by hand, hand-selected, then burned, and the precious metal parts are smelted to obtain the maximum recovery of the precious metal. In addition, the base metal is recovered in the form of maximum value. The treatment cost of this method is slightly higher than that of the grinding method, because the labor of disassembly is tight, but by increasing the recovery rate of precious metals, increasing the value of the metal scrap and the waste utilization potential of the secondary utilization components. The compensation obtained is higher than the increased cost.

Model NO.: Goldfinder2 Color: Black Screen: LED Manner: Big Detect Coil Detection Depth: 1-3m Search Coil: 11′′(28cm) Earphone: Available with Battery: 4aa′s Large LCD Screen: Yes Target Identification Display: Yes Trademark: Gold finer2 Transport Package: 4 Piece a Carton Box Specification: CE Origin: Made in China HS Code: 854379100 Model NO.: Goldfinder2 Color: Black Screen: LED Manner: Big Detect Coil Detection Depth: 1-3m Search Coil: 11′′(28cm) Earphone: Available with Battery: 4aa′s Large LCD Screen: Yes Target Identification Display: Yes Trademark: Gold finer2 Transport Package: 4 Piece a Carton Box Specification: CE Origin: Made in China HS Code: 854379100 The GoldFinder GF2 is a high performance multi purpose professional metal detector. It utilizes the latest advances in electronic technology, and its functional design represents the leading edge of engineering. The GF2 is easier to learn than other comparable metal detectors. Its combination of light weight and balance provides comfort unmatched by any other detector in its price range. Its most popular uses include coin shooting, relic hunting, and gold prospecting. In A Class By Itself Large LCD Screen with Target Identification Display Intuitive User Interface Menu-Driven User Interface Menu Always Visible Trigger Actuated Target Pinpointing Double Filter Discrimination Modes For Searching In Trashy Areas Ground Cancellation - Trigger Actuated FASTGRAB? Instant Ground Cancellation Manual Ground Cancellation Option Continuous Ground Monitor - Ground Mineralization Bar Graph Readout Waterproof 11-inch Open Frame Bi-Axial? Search Coil Great for Highly Mineralized Soils. Renowned Target Separation Capability Super Sensitive - Detect to 20 Inches and above Low Operating Cost - More than 40 hrs with 4-AA Batteries. The GoldFinder GF2 is a high performance multi purpose professional metal detector. It utilizes the latest advances in electronic technology, and its functional design represents the leading edge of engineering. The GF2 is easier to learn than other comparable metal detectors. Its combination of light weight and balance provides comfort unmatched by any other detector in its price range. Its most popular uses include coin shooting, relic hunting, and gold prospecting. In A Class By Itself Large LCD Screen with Target Identification Display Intuitive User Interface Menu-Driven User Interface Menu Always Visible Trigger Actuated Target Pinpointing Double Filter Discrimination Modes For Searching In Trashy Areas Ground Cancellation - Trigger Actuated FASTGRAB? Instant Ground Cancellation Manual Ground Cancellation Option Continuous Ground Monitor - Ground Mineralization Bar Graph Readout Waterproof 11-inch Open Frame Bi-Axial? Search Coil Great for Highly Mineralized Soils. Renowned Target Separation Capability Super Sensitive - Detect to 20 Inches and above Low Operating Cost - More than 40 hrs with 4-AA Batteries.

Electrodeposition technology in recent years developed a new technology to get pure gold from gold-rich silver solution. The electrodeposition tank uses stainless steel as the anode and steel wool as the cathode. After the direct current is applied, about 80% of pure gold can be obtained on the cathode. The distance between the poles is 35 mm, the voltage in the tank is 3 to 4.5 volts, the cathode current density is 15 to 20 amps/m 2 , and the flow rate of the electrowinning fluid is 1.5 to 2 liters/min. Electrodeposition is carried out at room temperature. The electro-product cycle is 24 to 48 hours, and the electro-hydration solution (for a groove volume of 0.036 m 3 ) can be treated at 800 to 1000 liters at a time. The electric volume rate can reach more than 99%. A steel wire (steel cotton consumption of 0.89 g steel/two gold) with a certain amount of gold is raised by a cathode, and immersed in 1:1 industrial hydrochloric acid to remove stainless steel wool and its impurities. After drying the treated powder was placed in a crucible, adding 8 to 25% of borax, 5 to 30% of sodium carbonate, 5 to 25% silica, adding an appropriate amount of saltpetre melting at 1200 deg.] C ~ 15 In 25 minutes, a gold ingot having a purity of 92 to 93% can be obtained.

Activated Products Help Enterprises Enhance Competitiveness and Achieve Leapfrog Development In today's fierce market competition, how enterprises can enhance their competitiveness and achieve leapfrog development has become an important issue in front of them. The Activated product launched by Activated Technology is a powerful weapon born to solve this problem. Activated products provide comprehensive competitive advantages for enterprises with their strong technical strength and excellent performance. By applying Activated products, enterprises can achieve automation and intelligence of business processes, improve operational efficiency and quality. At the same time, Activated products can also help enterprises achieve accurate market analysis and forecasting, providing strong support for strategic decision-making. Numerous companies have expressed that their competitiveness has been significantly improved through the application of Activated products, achieving leapfrog development. Activated products have become an important tool and support for them to enhance competitiveness and achieve leapfrog development.

The rock gold name vein mine has been favored by large companies because of its large reserves and stability. Basically, the domestic veins are in the hands of these group companies. The main reason is that the group companies can make money to prepare for the preliminary preparation and exploration. . The pulse mineral resources are drying up, China's gold mining group, Fujian Zijin Mining, Shandong Zhaojin Group. They all control 80% of the mines in China and are still taking mines overseas. Finding a good vein mine can be mined for decades or even hundreds of years, but the period of prospecting is too long. For a short period of more than one year and more than three years, the cost is not what small enterprises can afford, labor costs. , material costs, equipment costs, more than one year on tens of millions of money, the cost can be imagined so difficult. Large enterprises have a stable source of continuous support, and equipment investment is also a small matter. So it seems that our SMEs have no conditions for rock gold veins? The answer is definitely yes, but the risk factor is much higher than that of large companies. The main reason for the analysis is that small companies are constrained by investment in exploration equipment and lack of geological experts. Exploration equipment, various drilling rigs , various geophysical exploration, electromagnetic exploration and other instruments are a big expense, and experts who can master these technologies are also more difficult to find. China is not without such experts, and all the experts have no time to fight with large companies. I am here. Then there will be some students who have a little understanding or who used to be apprentices and those who have just graduated to come together to make this excitement and mess. No matter how you don't understand it, you can find it. You don't know that geologists don't learn it in textbooks. Textbooks teach theoretical knowledge, but the real use of the field is the result of theory plus practice. Practice greatly exceeds theory. . It is possible to explore dozens of technologies used in a mine to meet expectations. It requires a variety of methods to flexibly master the application. There is no mine in the world that is exactly the same. Everyone needs to make adjustments and plans temporarily. This is not taught in books. . Even if you have high savvy people who don`t practice five to ten years of experience, don`t want to understand the geological deposits discipline. Our country has set up a number of institutions of higher learning, the Golden Institute, and the Golden Research Institute in Shenyang City, Northeast China and Changchun City, Jilin Province, and has trained a large number of gold geological talents. Shenyang Golden College has already merged into Shenyang Northeast University, while Jilin Changchun Gold Research Institute has been In the cultivation of gold talents for the country, since the establishment of the college in 1958, the number of talents has been cultivated by hundreds of people, and the entry into the late 1990s and the enthusiasm of the gold market after two thousand years, coupled with the killing of our country, led to no one to study this subject. In recent years, the gold market has been hot and inflationary currency has been over-represented. More and more people at home and abroad have realized that the US dollar cannot maintain its value for a long time. Although it is strong, it cannot be regarded as a hard currency. Many countries do not reserve or directly settle accounts, and they are optimistic about gold. It is the hard currency that can be strong for a long time. As the saying goes, it is a good place to collect and store gold in a chaotic world. Throughout the world, many countries do not take gold as a strategic reserve. In the past, Yugoslavia, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Libya all stored in the United States. A lot of gold. Therefore, in addition to the above functions, gold has an important function. The consumption of industrial consumption and jewelry accounts for 70% of the annual output of gold. It is still growing gradually every year, especially in China and India. Large countries account for 60% of the world's gold jewelry consumption. The world consumes more than 3,000 tons of gold per year. After all, gold is a rare resource mineral, and it is undoubted that it will become more expensive as consumption. Everyone knows that sand gold is better, so why is it good to do it? The benefits are as follows: the investment in gold is small, the cost required can be large or small, the domestic scale is several million, the foreign is not more than 10 million, medium-sized There are hundreds of thousands of domestic ones, and hundreds of thousands of small ones can do it. See the efficiency is fast, the gold from the site selection to exploration and then mining, fast 1-2 months, slow 3-5 months, see the benefits generally in the production of 3 months to calculate the cost of the return, 4- Basically, you can make a profit in 6 months. So what are the bad things? It is mainly because of its high complexity, unfixedness and periodicity. This is mainly determined by the ore-forming conditions of the gold deposits. The gold is generally broken and broken. Because the gold is determined by the mountain shape, it is well known that there is no identical landform. As the saying goes, one step is to change the bottom. The uncertainty and irregularity of the gold-plated bottom plate should be familiar with the change of the bottom plate to judge the trend of the gold wire, and achieve stable and efficient production. The mining and selection process of gold is more complicated and changeable. The geological conditions of the ore body determine the production process. No matter how good the ore body will not produce and recycle, it is necessary to continue to develop the source of the mine and recycle the gold. It is not easy to make long-term profits. Here I summarize the points for your reference: each team must be configured. First, the exploration team must be configured in the early stage. This group is the soul of the company is the key to the company's subsequent development. Without them, I want to do any gold ore body. Not long-term, second, the exploration team should set up equipment according to geological conditions for mining and selection, to configure the mining and selection group, this group is an important part of front-line production, and their efficient production is the embodiment of corporate profitability. Third, the logistics management group is the enterprise's food and clothing parents. After all, the mining operations are more difficult, and all kinds of materials are scarce. I don't think there is a company that can not afford to eat and wear for a long time. Eating and wearing warm means stable work. Having said that, I think you basically know how you can do gold and rock gold. The author has studied the mentality of gold for nearly 20 years and advised everyone to invest in gold mining. There are certain risks, those with insufficient funds, and those with immature mentality. Those who are not active are not determined. Please stay away from this industry!!!

Xiaobian of China Jewelry Merchants Network recently saw someone asking questions, is soft gold good or hard gold good? Professionals help answer? Gold is hard gold soft gold? I believe this everyone knows, the following is a small series of China Jewelry Merchants Network to explain in detail whether soft gold or hard gold is good? Gold is hard gold soft gold? Is soft gold good or hard gold good? Hard gold is for pure gold. After the process, the gold loses its original texture and softness. Hard gold is a special process that breaks the ionic structure of gold. The technique of one-time forming, the hard gold process is complicated, so it is higher than the ordinary gold labor, and there is no difference in purity. What is the difference between hard gold and soft gold: Hard gold refers to physical gold, but it is a "hard" gold made with new methods. Its texture is harder than ordinary gold. Also known as "thousands of hard gold." 0.005% is added with a special metal to increase the hardness to achieve the corresponding hardness. What is the difference between soft gold and hard gold: the color is the same, but the hard gold has undergone a special process to make the gold hard, and it becomes ordinary gold after the fire. Because the process is different, the price will be more expensive. Soft gold is a high-purity gold. Hard gold is a synthetic gold mixed with other metals, usually copper. Pure gold is too soft for inlaying. In terms of value-preserving effect, gold is soft, pure gold is generally soft, gold bars, gold ingots or pure gold jewelry, the value preservation effect is better; but for jewelry has certain firmness, some jewelry has a certain physical hardness, This hardness is related to the gold content. The higher the purity, the softer the gold. With the addition of different hardness, the hardness is also changed. It is more reliable for inlaying. It can process jewelry with more complicated styles. In addition, because gold adds other metals, it can present a variety of different colors, so the fashion sense is stronger.

How to choose paper gold, gold TD, spot gold Real gold is not afraid of fire. As a natural currency and a safe-haven gold, it has long been a very popular investment tool. The resources are independent and of high value and are not restricted to any country or trade market. They are not involved in the company or the government. Therefore, investing in gold can often help investors avoid problems that may occur in the economic environment. Moreover, gold investment is the world's least tax-intensive investment project. The biggest advantage of gold is risk aversion. No matter how the international situation changes, as long as you hold one ounce of gold, you will still have one ounce of gold after 100 years. Gold investment is a permanent, timely investment. For thousands of years, gold has always exuded her radiance, charm, and with its unique characteristics - non-destructive, easy to circulate, preserve value, investment, stored value function as the first choice for people's asset preservation. No matter how history changes, the power of state is more convenient, or the exchange of currency currency, and the value of gold - forever. In today's uncertain economic and political environment, many investors have turned to investing in gold, calling her "the currency without borders," so gold is the most important and safest asset in any environment at any time. Choosing gold as an investment target will become more and more affluent people; more and more people who are deeply trapped in the stock market need to think about it. Indeed, as a worldwide investment tool, gold has a global quotation, strong anti-inflation ability, a lower tax rate than stocks, fair and equitable gold price movements, easy transfer of property rights, and easy pawn. advantage. Due to international and domestic political factors, demand factors, speculation factors, etc., the [great rise" of gold in recent years has been promoted, or because the price of gold has been attractive in recent years, many new gold investors have been born. Many gold investors lack professional knowledge in investment, so they have suffered a lot in a blind state. Many investors simply invest in aesthetically pleasing standards or trade paper gold for the sake of convenience. Investment and wealth management is not made, and gold trading is the same, similar to stocks. Therefore, the basic knowledge of financial management of gold trading is still needed, and it is not a choice for foreign exchange gold companies. Not all investments can be profitable. So it is very important to get started. Next, I will introduce the investment benefits of gold itself in a step-by-step comparison of various investment derivatives, so that you have a more comprehensive understanding of gold investment. Therefore, at present, gold investment is not only invested in gold bars, gold coins, or even gold jewelry, but there are also many different types of gold accounts in the market. Most of the gold investors that Liu Zhixin has contacted are paper gold. Some of them are gold TD. They can only be said to be the most basic gold investment. At present, there are 8 kinds of gold investment that I have come into contact with. Yes: gold spot, paper gold, physical gold, gold jewelry, gold futures, gold options, gold stocks, gold and silver coins. Its own investment advantages: Convenience of property transfer The transfer of funds, without any obstacles to the registration system, and the transfer of housing, stocks, must be handled. If you plan to give a home and a piece of gold to your children, you will find it convenient to transfer the gold and let the children move away, but the house will be much more laborious. In contrast, many other investment products have tax items that are easy for investors to ignore. In particular, inheritance tax, when you want to transfer property to your next generation, the best way is to turn the property into gold, and then turn your gold into other property by your next generation, which will completely eliminate the high Estate tax. From this point of view, the liquidity of these assets is not as superior to gold. The best mortgage in the world Since gold is an internationally recognized item, it is not worthy of buyers. Therefore, general banks and pawn shops will give more than 90% of short-term loans to gold, and the maximum amount of housing mortgage loans will not exceed 70% of the value of property evaluation. There is no bookmaker in the gold market Spot gold is also commonly referred to as the world's largest stock. Any regional stock market may be manipulated; but this is not the case in the gold market, because the gold market is a global investment market, and the daily trading volume is huge, so no consortium and institutions can be manipulated. Such a huge market is completely regulated by the market. There is no banker in the spot gold market, the market is regulated, the self-discipline is strong, and the regulations are sound. Because the gold market is a transparent and efficient market, gold investors have also obtained a large investment guarantee. A comparison of the various investment varieties: Many people don't know that gold investment has a lot of ways. Here, physical investment, including gold bars, gold coins, jewelry, etc., as well as gold management accounts, gold certificates, gold stocks, gold funds, gold wealth management accounts and futures. Gold and so on will not say, the shortcoming is that small investment is meaningless, big investment is not easy to grasp, but also for professional requirements, is not a good choice for popular simple transactions, here focus on paper gold, gold TD and spot gold. Because Liu Zhixin is very curious why he chooses paper gold that is so costly and has so low income. Since he has chosen the gold TD, why not choose the spot gold that is very advantageous in comparison with the other side? I don't say anything about paper gold, gold TD, spot gold, the definition is very long, and no one is watching it. I simply make comparisons and comments; Paper gold: Let's not say whether you are investing one gram or ten grams. For the utilization of funds, the cost is very high, and of course the income is small and pitiful. Paper gold is white, it is empty gloves, white wolf, set the whole body and retreat, set is not good, once the crisis collapses, paper gold really becomes a "paper." The "paper gold" transaction is not involved in real money. It is a service provided by a bank. The account is a precious metal. Investors do not need to use the accounting method to invest in gold through physical purchase and settlement. The settlement of the real gold, the transaction costs can be lower; it is worth noting that although it can be equivalent to holding gold, but the "gold" in the account can not be exchanged for physical, and "deposit" has no interest. [Paper Gold" is a 100% capital, one-way type of trading, which is a relatively stable one that is directly invested in gold. But it is still very inconvenient to operate. At present, there are three banks in China that have started the paper gold business, namely the gold treasure of the Bank of China, the gold banker of the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, and the account of China Construction Bank. For this kind of gold investor, I can only say that it is a small white in the financial investment industry. Such a gold investment is actually a waste of time, a small investment, and the income is not as good as the wages of an ordinary person. High, the income is actually very small. If you use that money to invest in paper gold and get a small return on income, I can only say that you are full and have nothing to do, this is to spoil your money and your time. The money to invest in any of the wealth management products is higher than this. Gold TD: For futures gold, gold TD, such investors are considered to be a little investment behavioral awareness in the financial industry. However, it is still not enough, although the current domestic Shanghai gold exchange can do. However, there are still many shortcomings in the comparison of transactions. Although it is a two-way transaction with spot gold, it is still relatively insufficient in the utilization of funds. There are relatively few time transactions, and there are limits on the increase. This is no different from speculating US stocks. It is still bought in RMB, so the cost is also Relatively very high, so like paper gold, there is no investment benefit. Since TD is chosen, spot gold should be the best choice. Spot gold: Whether it is from the capital utilization rate or relative income, it is much better than paper gold and gold TD. The trading time is almost 24 hours, T0 mode, ready to buy at any time, the US dollar price, and international standards. The normal fluctuation of spot gold will have about 10 points a day, and the renminbi gold will fluctuate by two points, that is, it will rise by two. Let's count an account. For example, one gram of gold is 280 yuan, and if you buy 1000 grams, you need to invest 280,000 yuan. Two pieces of income of 2,000. Spot gold is worth 1000 dollars, 10 points, the income is 1000 dollars, converted into RMB 6880 or so. If you buy the spot gold with the same investment of 280,000 gold TD, which is equivalent to more than 40,000 US dollars, how many hands? 40 lots, how much is the 10 points? A point of income of 100 dollars, 40 hands, 10 points of income, 40,000 dollars, equivalent to 275,320, double the income! You said that if you have 280,000 to go to the gold TD instead of investing in spot gold, is it very stupid? But many people will think that although spot gold is so good, I have not touched it, I don't know how to choose the platform, the security of funds, etc. This is also no need to worry about it; you only need to know that there are seven gold trading markets in the world; 1 London Gold Market 2 Zurich Gold Market, 3 US New York and Chicago Gold Market 4 Hong Kong Gold Market (Gold and Silver Trade Market) 5 London Gold Fixing 6 Tokyo Gold Market 7 Singapore Gold Institute If you choose one of the exchange's platforms, then we need to invest in spot gold. Of course, choosing Hong Kong's gold and silver trade market is the best. Don't say that the outer disk is not good, or how, any product is in line with international standards, and the outer disk generates a formal investment benchmark. The market for the outer disk is far ahead of the domestic market (the domestic market is derived from the imitation of the outer disk), the outer disk market has been very perfect, there is no problem in the transaction, and the transaction is carried out on the international unified MT4 software. Clear and clear. The international market is very large, and the amount of funds is tens of thousands of dollars per day. The personal funds are like water droplets in the sea. No one can think of manipulating the speculation market, the market environment is clean and the transactions are more fair. The domestic oil market is lack of supervision, all the chaos, and eventually the end, and the outer disk is different, each external disk has the relevant institutions to supervise, such as ASIC, FCA, etc., some regulatory agencies with strict supervision . The qualifications are more complete and the transaction is more assured.

Gold formation and accumulation of gold 1. The world's gold treasures are mainly buried in the form of rock gold and sand gold, in addition to associated gold. Celestial body operation, earth formation, volcanic eruption, ancient mountain movement, magma gushing, gold elements are ejected from the core of the earth and formed into rock gold; the mountains and mountains rich in gold, weathering, thunder and lightning, storms, Sandy gold is formed by landslides, mudslides, flooding, and sedimentation in stable waters of rivers. 2. According to scientific measurements and inferences, about 2.6 billion years ago, in the Archean period, volcanic eruptions brought a large amount of gold elements from the core to the mantle and the crust along the fissures, followed by ocean deposition and Regional metamorphism, the formation of the original gold source. About 100 million years ago, in the Mesozoic, due to the powerful force, the crust was deformed and pleated, and the pleats were exposed to the sea surface. The gold material activated and migrated to form a gold ore field, which is what we call rock gold. 3. In the rock-rich enrichment zone, the rock often leaves a lot of natural gold after oxidation. In the shallow layer of rock gold, after tens of millions of years of weathering and erosion, the rock becomes sand. Because of the stable nature of gold, it is dissociated into a monomer. In the process of river water transportation, because of its large proportion, it is deposited in the stable water of the river, thus forming a sand gold mine. At the same time, due to the affinity of Shajin, in the process of river water transportation, it is small and large, forming granular gold of different sizes. To date, the largest gold nugget discovered by humans weighs 280 kilograms, which is produced in California, USA. 4. The gold deposits formed during the change of nature can be roughly divided into three categories: rock gold deposits, sand gold deposits and associated deposits. In the world, the ratio of reserves of rock gold, associated gold and sand gold is about 70:15:15. Among them, the rock gold deposit can be divided into several genetic types: magmatic hydrothermal type, metamorphic hydrothermal type, volcanic hydrothermal type, sedimentary metamorphism type, hot water leaching type and metamorphic conglomerate type. 5. The proportion of various types of gold deposits in the world's total reserves is: 56.2% of metamorphic conglomerate type, 12.4% of metamorphic hydrothermal type, 9.5% of associated gold, 8.9% of sand gold, and hydrothermal type of magma. The volcanic hydrothermal type is 7.0%, and the hot water leaching type is 0.9%. 6. Globally, according to the geotectonic units produced by gold mines, they can be divided into four categories: ground shield metallogenic area, platform and marginal metallogenic area, geosyncline fold belt metallogenic area and Pacific Rim metallogenic belt. . Among them, the gold reserves produced by the shields accounted for 25.6--27.8% of the world's total reserves; the local Mesozoic activation zones of the ancient platform cover, accounting for 1.1-1.3%, and the excellent ground area, accounting for 12.9-15.6%; The trough area accounts for 1.1-1.2%; while the ancient platform cover structure area accounts for 47.1-47.7%. This is the case with the formation of gold and the accumulation of gold.

Thiosulfate gold The thiosulfate is generally a sodium salt and an ammonium salt of thiosulfuric acid, which are inexpensive, have a fast immersion gold , are non-toxic, are not sensitive to impurities, and have high immersion gold index. The kinetics of gold dissolution in sodium thiosulfate solution by Baghdad Saliang et al. showed that the dissolution rate of gold is linear with temperature in the range of 45-85 °C, but in order to avoid violent decomposition of thiosulfate, the leaching temperature should be Controlled at 65.75 ° C. Rogerzhkov et al. used a thiosulfate solution containing ammonia and an oxidant to extract gold from ore into another kinetic study, which concluded that only at higher temperature conditions in the hot press leacher ( 130 to 140 ° C), in order to achieve satisfactory speed and recovery. Kakowski and others also found that copper ions catalyze the dissolution of gold by thiosulfate, which can increase the dissolution rate of gold by 17 to 19 times. China's Jiang Tao, Cao Changlin and others have conducted a detailed study on the mechanism of thiosulfate gold extraction. However, due to the high requirement of the thiosulfate method and the chemical instability of the thiosulfate, this method has not been popularized and applied.

World Gold Association: Fashionable K Gold Jewelry The Chinese people have been wearing gold jewelry for thousands of years. They have long been advocating gold jewelry and gold jewelry. The concept of hedging is deeply rooted. After the opening of the gold jewelry market, it was also the world of gold jewelry that monopolized the jewelry market. Until the mid-90s of last century, the rise of platinum jewelry, gold jewelry has been hit, the market is divided, gold shop silver floor will no longer only sell 24K gold. Platinum accompanied diamonds into the market, White Storm scraped white K gold and silver jewelry, but failed to dominate the market, there are still plenty of people who love gold jewelry, and they love the gold, the traditional habit is not very strong It will change soon. The World Gold Council is an authoritative organization for international gold. After entering China, it has done a lot of promotion work and has a good reputation in the industry. The promotion of gold jewelry is the focus of the association. It mainly promotes gold jewelry, a series followed by a series of new models that are popular with consumers. The times are advancing. After the opening up, the exchanges between Chinese and Western culture and economy in China are unprecedentedly active. Westerners love K gold. For jewellery, the emphasis is on decoration, not preservation. The western jewelry culture spread to China. The young urban avant-garde was infected first. It had a [soil" feeling on the gold jewelry, and it was considered that K gold was fashionable. Sensitive jewellery companies made the first move and put K gold jewelry on the market. Small scales can not become a big climate, the World Gold Council continues to do a good job of promotion work, at the same time, proceed to carry out K gold promotion activities. The association first joined Hong Kong jewellery companies Zhou Shengsheng, Chow Tai Fook and Shanghai's new-generation jewelers Donghua and Taiji to jointly implement new promotion strategies and launch new K-gold 18K gold jewelry, which will trigger the transformation of China's gold jewellery industry and create a gold ornaments market. New situation. With a lot of investment in advertising, "You K-gold yet?" "I'm fashionable enough?" Has become a buzzword for urban fashion women. According to Ye Hao, assistant general manager of the association's designated retailer Lao Miao Gold, promotion of K-gold is actually a new concept for promoting gold. Gold jewelry no longer rests on the old concept of 24K gold. Now, K-gold has been deeply rooted in urban youth. Although K-gold is not a gold jewelry company's brand, many consumers see it as a brand of K gold jewelry. The salesperson of the old temple gold silver floor said that when a lot of fashion consumers come to buy K gold jewelry, they will specify K gold to buy K gold. K Gold has a strong vitality. Hu Xinhai, general manager of Shanghai Mingpai Silver Building, is full of confidence in promoting K-gold. Where is the vitality of K gold? Hu always said that this is determined by the material properties of K gold. Indeed, because of its good hardness, K gold can be transformed into a variety of shapes, and it is very stiff and not easily deformed. At the same time, K Gold Zee is also good, can change the rich and colorful colors, in addition to the yellow K gold, white K gold and gold. As a result, you can create a fashion style that gold cannot do. Young people are fond of fashion trends, they do not pay attention to fineness, the pursuit of brilliant, stylish K gold jewelry to discuss the favor of fashion people, they will K gold and fashion linked together, in gold jewelry, K gold into Synonymous with fashion. K-gold's great momentum, the promotion of a large number of branded jewelry companies, including Caibai, Laofengxiang, Laomiao, Mingpai, Donghua, Tianmei, Chow Tai Fook, Europ, Zhenjin, etc. Change, this new promotion strategy of the World Gold Council has produced a historic role in China, which has gradually allowed gold jewelry consumption to enter a new era, that is, the K gold era. The promotion of K-gold has helped the Chinese jewelry market enter the K-gold era. Judging from the sales trends of K-gold promoters designated by many world gold associations such as Lao Fengxiang, Donghua, and Tianmei, the promotion of K-gold has promoted the development of the K-gold market. Lao Fengxiang`s growth rate of K gold jewelry was double digits last year. Lu Jing, deputy manager of marketing planning department, said this year will also be a good momentum. The sales balance of gold jewelry in Donghua, Tianmei and other units was high and low, and the high one was pure gold. But now, it has been evenly divided, and there has been a trend of giving way to gold. The K-gold promoted by the World Gold Council did promote the consumption of Chinese gold jewelry to the K-gold era. However, it must not be completely denied that gold, gold jewelry and gold bars are quite marketable.

Gold, platinum and imitation gold jewelry Metal jewelry different materials are expensive jewelry, ornaments and general metal imitation jewelry categories. Precious metal jewelry and ornaments including gold, platinum and white silver jewelry ornaments. From the color point of view, all kinds of jewelry have similar products, they are very confusing. Therefore, there should be a clear understanding of the characteristics of various types of jewelry. First, the variety of gold jewelry (1) Pure gold and its impurities Including the full gold, thousands of gold and 24K gold, according to the draft of the national standard must contain >990%. The impurities contained are mainly: Cu, Ag, Ni, Fe, Bi, Sn, Pb, Ti, Al, Si, Zn, Sb, Pt, Pd, Os, Ir and the like. (2) K gold and its color Generally used is 10K ~ 22K gold, the most commonly used in China is 18K gold. K gold is popular because of its high hardness, rich colors, trendy styles and a wide variety. The mouth-filling elements are mainly Cu, Zn, Ag, Ni, and small changes in the type and proportion of the K-gold color change. The phase diagram of the Au-Ag-Cu ternary alloy made by James W.K clearly shows the relationship between K gold composition and color (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Au-Ag-Cu alloy and color (3) Parcels and their characteristics According to the different processing techniques, it is divided into gold-plated jewellery, gold-plated jewellery and sheet metal jewellery. The process is electroplating, embossing and high-temperature smelting of gold- mercury mud. The gold layer and gold foil wrapped are very thin, generally 3~5μm. The gold can be up to 5~10μm. Second, K white gold jewelry types The term [K Platinum" has two meanings, one is K gold of white gold, that is, the material with different gold content; the other is K gold of platinum ( platinum ), which is a material with different platinum content. There are three main series of formulas for white gold, namely: gold and palladium , gold and nickel , gold and silver, or a combination of them to form a good alloy, which can be formed into white gold (White Gold) expressed by "WG". Nickel and palladium applied to the gold-based alloy or a copper-based alloy may be an alloy formed of white, silver generally contain nickel, but can not add a palladium silver, although gold and silver, gold and palladium K gold can form a white, but will The three metals are fused together, but not white gold, but a brown gold. Silver K Platinum generally only appears below 10K. K Platinum color calculation method is the same as K gold. The actual content is as shown in Table 1. The last two items in the table belong to the gold-palladium series, which are Hong Kong products, called "60% K Platinum" or "334 Gold", "40% K Platinum" or "226" Gold, which are now available on the mainland, both on the back. The 18K and 14K seals are marked respectively, indicating that their value is comparable to 18K or 14K gold jewelry, but the actual gold content is not 18K, 14K gold. White K gold has a white color, very similar to platinum, with K gold nature, can be used as inlaid jewelry, elegant and generous, and cheap. For the sake of realism, often then coated with a layer of rhodium, and more may be spurious. Table 1 Main components of common K Platinum (%) K Platinum Type Au Ag Cu Zn Ni Pd Remarks 18K white gold 1 75.3 0.16 16.75 2.58 5.21 2 75.7 0.20 8.3 3.2 12.6 3 75 10 10 5 14K white gold 58.5 22.4 14.1 5 9K white gold 37.9 38.5 20 4 60% K Platinum "334" Gold 30 Cu+Zn+Ni=40% Seal label 18K 40% K Platinum "226" Gold 20 Cu+Zn+Ni=20% Seal label 14K The formulation of K gold, which represents platinum, is mainly platinum-based metal, and its mouth-filling elements are mainly precious metals. Such as palladium, rhodium, silver, etc., followed by copper, cobalt . There is very little information on the chemical composition of K platinum. A certain K platinum ring is tested, and its composition is Pt49.2%, Rh49.9%, Cu0.9%. At present, some literatures often refer to the standard formula of K Platinum, 18K platinum is platinum 75%, platinum palladium alloy 20%, silver 5%; 14K platinum is platinum 58.5%, platinum palladium alloy 20%, silver 21.5%, these two The platinum content of the alloy is no longer 18K and 14KB. Third, the type of imitation gold jewelry Imitation gold jewelry refers to gold-like jewelry made of materials similar in color to gold. It is a fake gold jewellery and does not contain any gold ingredients. Includes the following major varieties: (1) Rough gold jewelry Brass is added to the alloy of certain rare earth elements. It contains neither gold nor silver. However, the color, luster and process characteristics are very similar to those of gold. It is one of the ideal materials for imitation gold materials because it is long-lasting, corrosion-resistant and high-grade. The biggest advantage is that it does not fade, bright, and the price is only about 1/10 of gold. (2) Asian gold jewelry It is an alloy material mainly composed of copper, and is often added with Zn and Ni brass materials. The results of electron probe analysis of several samples are shown in Table 2. Its advantage is that the corrosion resistance is better than that of copper, and the process property is similar to K gold, or second only to K gold, so it is called gold. In addition to vegetarian jewelry, it is often used as a gold-plated, copper-plated, silver-plated carcass material. Its appearance is not as good as thin gold, and it is easy to fade and lose luster. Table 2 Asian gold jewelry ingredients (%) Cu 2n Ni Japanese production of gold 75.1 24.7 0.1 country Production Central 70.1 29.9 0.03 Edge copper plating 99.8 0.1 0.04 Yajin 68.1 31.1 0.8 (3) Plating imitation gold jewelry The copper alloy is used as the carcass, and the special electroplating solution mainly made of brass is used to make the jewelry made by the superb electroplating process. Due to its high level of electroplating, the finished lacquer jewellery is completely comparable in appearance to gold but does not contain any gold or silver. This type of jewellery has the highest level of Italian craftsmanship and has been occupying the Chinese market in recent years. The disadvantage is that the corrosion resistance is poor, and it will fade and wear soon, and it is generally only used for short-term use. (Iv) a titanium gold jewelry Titanium has a small specific gravity and is inexpensive. It is an ideal alloy material. It is gray-white in itself, but produces different colors at different currents. Titanium alloy can be used as jewelry. More is used to electroplate jewelry, watches and pens. There is a titanium plating process in which nitrogen and acetylene are used in high vacuum, and pure titanium flakes are simultaneously burned to form a golden titanium nitride film with a thickness of 1 to 2/μm. Titanium-plated jewelry has high hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance, and is an important material for imitation gold. (5) Copper jewelry Including copper jewelry, brass jewelry and bronze jewelry, it is an alloy of copper with zinc and tin . Its composition and performance are shown in Table 3. The alloy material can be hard or soft, and can be used as both plain copper jewelry and copper inlaid jewelry, and more as an electroplated carcass material. It is a large family of fake jewellery. Copper is easy to oxidize and has unstable color. It needs to be chemically treated to prevent oxidation and is easy to fade. It is a low-grade metal jewelry. Table 3 Characteristics of copper jewelry composition Cu (%) Zn (%) Sn (%) Copper (red copper) 85 15 brass 85~55 15~45 Bronze (bronze) 95~80 5~20

Gold, platinum and imitation gold jewelry Metal jewelry different materials are expensive jewelry, ornaments and general metal imitation jewelry categories. Precious metal jewelry and ornaments including gold, platinum and white silver jewelry ornaments. From the color point of view, all kinds of jewelry have similar products, they are very confusing. Therefore, there should be a clear understanding of the characteristics of various types of jewelry. First, the variety of gold jewelry (1) Pure gold and its impurities Including the full gold, thousands of gold and 24K gold, according to the draft of the national standard must contain >990%. The impurities contained are mainly: Cu, Ag, Ni, Fe, Bi, Sn, Pb, Ti, Al, Si, Zn, Sb, Pt, Pd, Os, Ir and the like. (2) K gold and its color Generally used is 10K ~ 22K gold, the most commonly used in China is 18K gold. K gold is popular because of its high hardness, rich colors, trendy styles and a wide variety. The mouth-filling elements are mainly Cu, Zn, Ag, Ni, and small changes in the type and proportion of the K-gold color change. The phase diagram of the Au-Ag-Cu ternary alloy made by James W.K clearly shows the relationship between K gold composition and color (see Figure 1). Figure 1 Au-Ag-Cu alloy and color (3) Parcels and their characteristics According to the different processing techniques, it is divided into gold-plated jewellery, gold-plated jewellery and sheet metal jewellery. The process is electroplating, embossing and high-temperature smelting of gold- mercury mud. The gold layer and gold foil wrapped are very thin, generally 3~5μm. The gold can be up to 5~10μm. Second, K white gold jewelry types The term [K Platinum" has two meanings, one is K gold of white gold, that is, the material with different gold content; the other is K gold of platinum ( platinum ), which is a material with different platinum content. There are three main series of formulas for white gold, namely: gold and palladium , gold and nickel , gold and silver, or a combination of them to form a good alloy, which can be formed into white gold (White Gold) expressed by "WG". Nickel and palladium applied to the gold-based alloy or a copper-based alloy may be an alloy formed of white, silver generally contain nickel, but can not add a palladium silver, although gold and silver, gold and palladium K gold can form a white, but will The three metals are fused together, but not white gold, but a brown gold. Silver K Platinum generally only appears below 10K. K Platinum color calculation method is the same as K gold. The actual content is as shown in Table 1. The last two items in the table belong to the gold-palladium series, which are Hong Kong products, called "60% K Platinum" or "334 Gold", "40% K Platinum" or "226" Gold, which are now available on the mainland, both on the back. The 18K and 14K seals are marked respectively, indicating that their value is comparable to 18K or 14K gold jewelry, but the actual gold content is not 18K, 14K gold. White K gold has a white color, very similar to platinum, with K gold nature, can be used as inlaid jewelry, elegant and generous, and cheap. For the sake of realism, often then coated with a layer of rhodium, and more may be spurious. Table 1 Main components of common K Platinum (%) K Platinum Type Au Ag Cu Zn Ni Pd Remarks 18K white gold 1 75.3 0.16 16.75 2.58 5.21 2 75.7 0.20 8.3 3.2 12.6 3 75 10 10 5 14K white gold 58.5 22.4 14.1 5 9K white gold 37.9 38.5 20 4 60% K Platinum "334" Gold 30 Cu+Zn+Ni=40% Seal label 18K 40% K Platinum "226" Gold 20 Cu+Zn+Ni=20% Seal label 14K The formulation of K gold, which represents platinum, is mainly platinum-based metal, and its mouth-filling elements are mainly precious metals. Such as palladium, rhodium, silver, etc., followed by copper, cobalt . There is very little information on the chemical composition of K platinum. A certain K platinum ring is tested, and its composition is Pt49.2%, Rh49.9%, Cu0.9%. At present, some literatures often refer to the standard formula of K Platinum, 18K platinum is platinum 75%, platinum palladium alloy 20%, silver 5%; 14K platinum is platinum 58.5%, platinum palladium alloy 20%, silver 21.5%, these two The platinum content of the alloy is no longer 18K and 14KB. Third, the type of imitation gold jewelry Imitation gold jewelry refers to gold-like jewelry made of materials similar in color to gold. It is a fake gold jewellery and does not contain any gold ingredients. Includes the following major varieties: (1) Rough gold jewelry Brass is added to the alloy of certain rare earth elements. It contains neither gold nor silver. However, the color, luster and process characteristics are very similar to those of gold. It is one of the ideal materials for imitation gold materials because it is long-lasting, corrosion-resistant and high-grade. The biggest advantage is that it does not fade, bright, and the price is only about 1/10 of gold. (2) Asian gold jewelry It is an alloy material mainly composed of copper, and is often added with Zn and Ni brass materials. The results of electron probe analysis of several samples are shown in Table 2. Its advantage is that the corrosion resistance is better than that of copper, and the process property is similar to K gold, or second only to K gold, so it is called gold. In addition to vegetarian jewelry, it is often used as a gold-plated, copper-plated, silver-plated carcass material. Its appearance is not as good as thin gold, and it is easy to fade and lose luster. Table 2 Asian gold jewelry ingredients (%) Cu 2n Ni Japanese production of gold 75.1 24.7 0.1 country Production Central 70.1 29.9 0.03 Edge copper plating 99.8 0.1 0.04 Yajin 68.1 31.1 0.8 (3) Plating imitation gold jewelry The copper alloy is used as the carcass, and the special electroplating solution mainly made of brass is used to make the jewelry made by the superb electroplating process. Due to its high level of electroplating, the finished lacquer jewellery is completely comparable in appearance to gold but does not contain any gold or silver. This type of jewellery has the highest level of Italian craftsmanship and has been occupying the Chinese market in recent years. The disadvantage is that the corrosion resistance is poor, and it will fade and wear soon, and it is generally only used for short-term use. (Iv) a titanium gold jewelry Titanium has a small specific gravity and is inexpensive. It is an ideal alloy material. It is gray-white in itself, but produces different colors at different currents. Titanium alloy can be used as jewelry. More is used to electroplate jewelry, watches and pens. There is a titanium plating process in which nitrogen and acetylene are used in high vacuum, and pure titanium flakes are simultaneously burned to form a golden titanium nitride film with a thickness of 1 to 2/μm. Titanium-plated jewelry has high hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance, and is an important material for imitation gold. (5) Copper jewelry Including copper jewelry, brass jewelry and bronze jewelry, it is an alloy of copper with zinc and tin . Its composition and performance are shown in Table 3. The alloy material can be hard or soft, and can be used as both plain copper jewelry and copper inlaid jewelry, and more as an electroplated carcass material. It is a large family of fake jewellery. Copper is easy to oxidize and has unstable color. It needs to be chemically treated to prevent oxidation and is easy to fade. It is a low-grade metal jewelry. Table 3 Characteristics of copper jewelry composition Cu (%) Zn (%) Sn (%) Copper (red copper) 85 15 brass 85~55 15~45 Bronze (bronze) 95~80 5~20

Gold Emerald Composition: yttrium aluminum oxide Hardness: 8.5 Specific gravity: 3.71 Refractive index: 1.74-1.75 Birefringence: 0.009 Color: From green, green yellow, yellow to brown, the texture is hard and durable, especially suitable for making gems. After careful cutting, it is bright but not fire-colored. The two variants of the stone and the cat's eye gem have their own unique properties. Precious and rare marbles can change from green to red, purple, or brown under incandescent light in daylight. Synthetic gold emeralds, corundum and spinel can mimic the color change of the stone. When the opal is smashed into a convex gemstone, white lines pass through the yellow-gray gemstone due to the groove or feathery fluid inclusions, or the rutile needle-like inclusions. The most precious pale gold brown with shadows of the light and dark "milk and honey" effect. The pale yellow gold emerald that was loved by the Portuguese in the 18th and 19th centuries was called the olivine. Origin: The finest gold emeralds include the stone. In the Urals of Russia, most of them have been mined. The largest faceted gemstone here weighs 66 carats. Water-clear pebble of various colors is found in the gemstones of Sri Lanka. It is also distributed in Myanmar, Brazil, Zimbabwe, Tanzania and Madagascar. Opal is produced in Sri Lanka, Brazil and China.

Asian gold, gold, gold and gold Yajin Yajin Materials is an excellent imitation gold material successfully developed in China this year. It was issued by the State Science and Technology Commission and entrusted the Ministry of Light Industry to organize research and development of relevant scientific research units and factories. This scientific research achievement was awarded the third prize of Shanghai Science and Technology Progress Award. Nowadays, various imitation gold materials in foreign countries have developed rapidly. The United States, Italy, and Japan all use imitation gold materials to make jewelry, indoor crafts, coins, eye frames, and leather bags. China's research and application of Asian gold materials is to catch up with the international level. According to the development results, the gold is very similar to gold in color, and its corrosion resistance is slightly higher than gold. For example, its resistance to discoloration: corrosion in a constant temperature (35 ± 2 ° C), constant temperature (80-90%) test chamber for 100 hours, still maintain high gloss and basically no discoloration; atmospheric corrosion in indoor environment for two years Basically does not change color. Jewelry made of gold materials can be used without gilding, which not only saves a lot of gold for the country, but also avoids environmental pollution caused by cyanide gold plating. Nowadays, all kinds of jewellery made of Asian gold materials are not only loved by domestic consumers, but also well received abroad. During the Seoul Olympics, the relevant departments of China used the Asian gold materials to make panda imitation gold commemorative coins for sale. Athletes and local citizens bought them. Seoul merchants ordered various Asian gold products in bulk. In the spring of 1988, in the 22nd National Tourism Products and Domestic Crafts Exhibition, the Yajin series was awarded the Excellent Tourism Product Award. Gild At present, there are a lot of gold jewellery on the market. The appearance of these jewellery is the same as that of gold jewellery. The golden brilliance is colorful, colorful, and it is very attractive and inexpensive. The inner material of gold-plated jewellery is not a precious metal such as gold or silver, but some alloy materials of aluminum, zinc and lead. It is coated with a layer of gold on the surface of these materials, and the inner material is wrapped like a wrapping paper. , to play a decorative role, in order to compete with gold jewelry. The merits of gold-plated jewelry depend on the success or failure of the gold-plated process. Gold-clad jewellery produced in the United States must indicate its characteristics and the proportion of K gold, such as (1/10.14K.GF) type, that is, jewelry containing 14K gold material, its gold content must account for the weight of the entire jewelry. One tenth, otherwise it is unqualified. If the gold-coated material adopts gold below 10K, or the weight of the gold package is less than one-twentieth of the total jewellery, the name [golden package" shall not be used. The gold-plated jewellery has a high degree of wear resistance. Some of the gold-plated jewellery used for decades has the same color and appearance, and does not reveal the inner core. At present, some scammers in the society have been tricked into the pawn industry by using the case that gold and gold are difficult to distinguish. The sixth issue of "Pawn Information" reported a case in which the Fujian surnamed Lin was deceived in the Qingdao Jinda pawnshop and was taken away by the public security department. According to recent understanding, the criminal suspect used fake ID cards and gold jewellery to impersonate real gold jewellery and defrauded more than 70 in Jinan and Nanjing, and received more than 400,000 yuan. Pawn shops that operate gold jewelry pawn business should be vigilant, pay attention to the identification of identity cards, and detect the true and false of gold jewelry in case of being deceived and avoiding economic losses. Rare gold Rough gold jewelry is a piece of jewelry made of thin gold materials. The thin gold material is a novel imitation gold material composed of copper as the main raw material, adding rare earth and other components. It has the characteristics of good wear resistance, hard texture and color similar to gold and not easy to fade. In view of its superiority over the general imitation gold material, it has become a material for the manufacture of higher-grade imitation gold jewelry. Jewelry made of gold, the price is more expensive, with the general yellow-plated imitation gold jewelry, the price is cheap, but the coating is very easy to change color, lose the decorative iron, the jewelry made of thin gold material, the color can be 18K or 20K gold yellow, not easy to oxidize and fade, it is suitable for daily use. Recently, some domestic manufacturers have also developed a new thin gold jewelry called rare gold magnetic medicine health jewelry. This kind of jewelry is coated with the characteristics of ordinary rare gold jewelry, and has special medical effects. It has certain curative effect on some common diseases and chronic diseases. Q According to the identification of some medical research institutions in China, its health care effect is more obvious. The successful development of rare gold magnetic medicine health jewellery marks a breakthrough in the use of jewellery, which will open up a new path for the versatility of jewellery. However, it must be noted that although the rare gold jewelry can be 18K or 20K golden yellow in color, it is not K gold, so don't mistake K gold for economic loss. K gold K Jin's "K" is the preparation of the term "Karat". The complete notation is this: Karatgold (K gold), K gold is measured by: pure gold is 24K (ie 100% gold), IK The gold content is about 4.166%. The method of calculating the gold content with "K" is based on a carob tree on the Mediterranean coast. The carob tree has a light red flower, and the pods are about 15 cm long. The beans are brown and can be made into glue. No matter where the tree grows, the size of the beans is exactly the same, so in ancient times, people used it as a standard for measuring weight. Over time, it becomes a unit of weight for measuring precious, subtle items. At that time, the measurement of diamonds and gold also used this unit, which is [Karat". It was not until 1914 that the international standard "Karat" was established as the current standard.